Liquid-crystalline medium

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are a liquid-crystalline medium of negative dielectric anisotropy based on a mixture of polar compounds, which contains at least one compound of formula IA 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and at least one compound of formulae IB, IC and/or ID 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and the use thereof for an active-matrix display, in particular based on the ECB, PALC, FFS or IPS effect.

The invention relates to a liquid-crystalline medium of negative dielectric anisotropy based on a mixture of polar compounds, which comprises at least one compound of the formula IA

and at least one compound selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IB, IC and ID

in which

-   R^(1A) and R^(1B) each, independently of one another, denote an     alkenyl radical having up to 6 C atoms which is unsubstituted,     monosubstituted by CN or CF₃ or at least monosubstituted by halogen,     where, in addition, one or more CH₂ groups in these radicals may be     replaced by —O—, —S—,

—C≡C—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —C—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,

-   R^(2A), R^(2B), R^(1C), R^(1D) and R^(2D) each, independently of one     another, denote an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 6 C atoms     which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF₃ or at least     monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH₂     groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,

—OCF₂—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,

each, independently of one another, denote

-   Y¹, Y², Y⁴ and Y⁵ each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl,     CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, OCF₃, OCH₂F, OCHF₂ or CN, -   Y³ denotes H or CH₃, -   R^(2C) denotes H or F, -   R^(3C) denotes H, CH₃, C₂H₅ or n-C₃H₇, -   a and b each, independently of one another, denote 0, 1 or 2, where     a+b is ≧1, -   c denotes 1 or 2, and -   d denotes 0 or 1.

Media of this type can be used, in particular, for electro-optical displays having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB effect and for IPS (in-plane switching) displays or FFS (fringe field switching) displays. The medium according to the invention preferably has negative dielectric anisotropy.

The principle of electrically controlled birefringence, the ECB effect or also DAP (deformation of aligned phases) effect was described for the first time in 1971 (M. F. Schieckel and K. Fahrenschon, “Deformation of nematic liquid crystals with vertical orientation in electrical fields”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 19 (1971), 3912). This was followed by papers by J. F. Kahn (Appl. Phys. Lett. 20 (1972), 1193) and G. Labrunie and J. Robert (J. Appl. Phys. 44 (1973), 4869).

The papers by J. Robert and F. Clerc (SID 80 Digest Techn. Papers (1980), 30), J. Duchene (Displays 7 (1986), 3) and H. Schad (SID 82 Digest Techn. Papers (1982), 244) showed that liquid-crystalline phases must have high values for the ratio of the elastic constants K₃/K₁, high values for the optical anisotropy Δn and values for the dielectric anisotropy of Δ∈≦−0.5 in order to be suitable for use in high-information display elements based on the ECB effect. Electro-optical display elements based on the ECB effect have a homeotropic edge alignment (VA technology=vertically aligned). Dielectrically negative liquid-crystal media can also be used in displays which use the so-called IPS or FFS effect.

Displays which use the ECB effect, as so-called VAN (vertically aligned nematic) displays, for example in the MVA (multi-domain vertical alignment, for example: Yoshide, H. et al., paper 3.1: “MVA LCD for Notebook or Mobile PCs . . . ”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book I, pp. 6 to 9, and Liu, C. T. et al., paper 15.1: “A 46-inch TFT-LCD HDTV Technology . . . ”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 750 to 753), PVA (patterned vertical alignment, for example: Kim, Sang Soo, paper 15.4: “Super PVA Sets New State-of-the-Art for LCD-TV”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 760 to 763), ASV (advanced super view, for example: Shigeta, Mitzuhiro and Fukuoka, Hirofumi, paper 15.2: “Development of High Quality LCDTV”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 754 to 757) modes, have established themselves as one of the three more recent types of liquid-crystal display that are currently the most important, in particular for television applications, besides IPS (in-plane switching) (for example: Yeo, S. D., paper 15.3: “An LC Display for the TV Application”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book II, pp. 758 & 759) and the long-known TN (twisted nematic) displays. The technologies are compared in general form, for example, in Souk, Jun, SID Seminar 2004, Seminar M-6: “Recent Advances in LCD Technology”, Seminar Lecture Notes, M-6/1 to M-6/26, and Miller, Ian, SID Seminar 2004, Seminar M-7: “LCD-Television”, Seminar Lecture Notes, M-7/1 to M-7/32. Although the response times of modern ECB displays have already been significantly improved by addressing methods with overdrive, for example: Kim, Hyeon Kyeong et al., paper 9.1: “A 57-in. Wide UXGA TFT-LCD for HDTV Application”, SID 2004 International Symposium, Digest of Technical Papers, XXXV, Book I, pp. 106 to 109, the achievement of video-compatible response times, in particular on switching of grey levels, is still a problem which has not yet been satisfactorily solved.

Industrial application of this effect in electro-optical display elements requires LC phases, which have to satisfy a multiplicity of requirements. Particularly important here are chemical resistance to moisture, air and physical influences, such as heat, infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation and direct and alternating electric fields.

Furthermore, industrially usable LC phases are required to have a liquid-crystalline mesophase in a suitable temperature range and low viscosity.

None of the series of compounds having a liquid-crystalline mesophase that are known to date includes a single compound which meets all these requirements. Mixtures of two to 25, preferably three to 18, compounds are therefore generally prepared in order to obtain substances which can be used as LC phases. However, optimum phases could not be prepared easily in this way since no liquid-crystal materials having significantly negative dielectric anisotropy and adequate long-term stability were hitherto available. Matrix liquid-crystal displays (MLC displays) are known. Non-linear elements which can be used for individual switching of the individual pixels are, for example, active elements (i.e. transistors). The term “active matrix” is then used, where a distinction can be made between two types:

1. MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) transistors on a silicon wafer as substrate 2. thin-film transistors (TFTs) on a glass plate as substrate.

In the case of type 1, the electro-optical effect used is usually dynamic scattering or the guest-host effect. The use of single-crystal silicon as substrate material restricts the display size, since even modular assembly of various part-displays results in problems at the joints.

In the case of the more promising type 2, which is preferred, the electro-optical effect used is usually the TN effect.

A distinction is made between two technologies: TFTs comprising compound semiconductors, such as, for example, CdSe, or TFTs based on polycrystalline or amorphous silicon. The latter technology is being worked on intensively worldwide.

The TFT matrix is applied to the inside of one glass plate of the display, while the other glass plate carries the transparent counterelectrode on its inside. Compared with the size of the pixel electrode, the TFT is very small and has virtually no adverse effect on the image. This technology can also be extended to fully colour-capable displays, in which a mosaic of red, green and blue filters is arranged in such a way that a filter element is opposite each switchable pixel.

The TFT displays disclosed hitherto usually operate as TN cells with crossed polarisers in transmission and are back-lit.

The term MLC displays here covers any matrix display with integrated non-linear elements, i.e. besides the active matrix, also displays with passive elements, such as varistors or diodes (MIM=metal-insulator-metal). MLC displays of this type are particularly suitable for TV applications (for example pocket TVs) or for high-information displays in automobile or aircraft construction. Besides problems regarding the angle dependence of the contrast and the response times, difficulties also arise in MLC displays due to insufficiently high specific resistance of the liquid-crystal mixtures [TOGASHI, S., SEKIGUCHI, K., TANABE, H., YAMAMOTO, E., SORI-MACHI, K., TAJIMA, E., WATANABE, H., SHIMIZU, H., Proc. Eurodisplay 84, September 1984: A 210-288 Matrix LCD Controlled by Double Stage Diode Rings, pp. 141 ff., Paris; STROMER, M., Proc. Eurodisplay 84, September 1984: Design of Thin Film Transistors for Matrix Addressing of Television Liquid Crystal Displays, pp. 145 ff., Paris]. With decreasing resistance, the contrast of an MLC display deteriorates. Since the specific resistance of the liquid-crystal mixture generally drops over the life of an MLC display owing to interaction with the inside surfaces of the display, a high (initial) resistance is very important for displays that have to have acceptable resistance values over a long operating period.

The disadvantages of the MLC-TN displays disclosed hitherto are their comparatively low contrast, the relatively high viewing-angle dependence and the difficulty of producing grey shades in these displays.

There thus continues to be a great demand for MLC displays having very high specific resistance at the same time as a large working-temperature range, short response times and a low threshold voltage with the aid of which various grey shades can be produced.

The invention has the object of providing MLC displays, in particular for monitor and TV applications, which are based on the ECB or IPS effect, do not have the disadvantages indicated above, or only do so to a lesser extent, and at the same time have very high specific resistance values. In particular, it must be ensured for monitors and televisions that they also work at extremely high and extremely low temperatures.

Surprisingly, it has now been found that this object can be achieved if nematic liquid-crystal mixtures which comprise at least one compound of the formula IA and at least one compound from the group of the compounds of the formulae IB, IC and ID are used in these display elements. Compounds of the formula IA are known, for example, from EP 0 969 071 B1, EP 1 362 839 A2, DE 199 27 627 A1, DE 101 57 674 A1. Compounds of the formula IB are known, for example, from GB 0 168 683 B1 and EP 0 122 389 B1. The compounds of the formula IC are known, for example, from WO 03/010120. The compounds of the formula ID are known, for example, from DE 10 204 236 and DE 39 06 040. The disclosures of these references for their disclosures of the compounds of formulae IA, IB, IC, and ID are incorporated herein by reference.

The invention thus relates to a liquid-crystalline medium based on a mixture of polar compounds which comprises at least one compound of the formula IA and at least one compound selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae IB, IC and ID.

The mixtures according to the invention exhibit very broad nematic phase ranges with clearing points ≧70° C., very favourable values for the capacitive threshold, relatively high values for the holding ratio and at the same time very good low-temperature stabilities at −30° C. and −40° C. as well as very low rotational viscosities and short response times. The mixtures according to the invention are furthermore distinguished by the fact that, in addition to the improvement in the rotational viscosity an increase in the elastic constant K₃₃ contributes to the improvement in the response times.

Some preferred embodiments of the mixtures according to the invention are shown below:

-   a) R^(1A) and R^(1B) in the formulae IA and IB preferably denote     alkenyl, in particular vinyl, 1E-alkenyl or 3E-alkenyl, and very     particularly preferably CH₂═CH, CH₃CH═CH, C₂H₅CH═CH, C₃H₇CH═CH,     CH₂═CHC₂H₄, CH₃CH═CHC₂H₄, CH═CHCH₂, CH₃CH═CHCH₂, C₂H₅CH═CHCH₂,     -   R^(1A) denotes in particular CH₂═CH. R^(1B) denotes in         particular CH₃CH═CH or CH₂═CH.     -   R^(1C), R^(1D) and R^(2D) preferably denote straight-chain         alkyl, in particular CH₃, C₂H₅, n-C₃H₇, n-C₄H₉, n-C₅H₁₁,         furthermore n-C₆H₁₃, n-C₇H₁₅. -   b) Liquid-crystalline medium which comprises one, two, three, four     or more, preferably one, two or three, compounds of the formula IA. -   c) Liquid-crystalline medium, where the proportion of compounds of     the formula IA in the mixture as a whole is ≧5% by weight,     preferably at least 10% by weight, particularly preferably ≧15% by     weight.     -   The proportion of compounds of the formula IB in the mixture as         a whole, if present, is preferably ≧5% by weight, in particular         ≧10% by weight, very particularly preferably ≧20% by weight.     -   The proportion of compounds of the formula IC in the mixture as         a whole, if present, is preferably ≧2% by weight, in particular         ≧4% by weight, very particularly preferably ≧5% by weight.     -   The proportion of compounds of the formula ID in the mixture as         a whole, if present, is preferably ≧4% by weight, in particular         ≧8% by weight, very particularly preferably ≧10% by weight.     -   The total proportion of the compounds of the formulae IB, IC         and/or ID in the mixture according to the invention is         preferably ≧5% by weight, in particular ≧10% by weight and very         particularly preferably ≧15% by weight. -   d) Preferred compounds of the formula IA are the compounds of the     formulae IA-1 to IA-54:

-   -   Alkyl denotes a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms.     -   Particular preference is given to the compounds of the formulae         IA-1, IA-2, IA-3, IA-4, IA-11, IA-12, IA-13 and IA-14.     -   In the compounds of the formula IA and the sub-formulae of the         formulae IA-1 to IA-54, Y¹ and Y² preferably both denote         fluorine and Y³═H.     -   Preference is furthermore given to the following combinations:     -   Y¹═F, Y²═Cl and Y³═H     -   Y¹═Cl, Y²═F and Y³═H     -   Preferred compounds of the formula IB are the compounds of the         formulae IB-1 to IB-16:

-   -   Preferred compounds of the formula IC are the compounds of the         formulae IC-1 to IC-16:

-   -   in which R^(1C) preferably denotes straight-chain alkyl.         Particular preference is given to the compound of the formula         IC-3, furthermore IC-1 and IC-4.     -   Preferred compounds of the formula ID are the compounds of the         formulae ID-1 to ID-6:

-   -   in which R^(1D) preferably denotes straight-chain alkyl having         1-7 C atoms and R^(2D) preferably denotes straight-chain alkyl         or alkoxy having 1-7 C atoms. Particular preference is given to         the compounds of the formulae ID-1 and ID-4.

-   e) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or     more compounds of the formulae IIA and/or IIB

-   -   in which     -   R² denotes H, an alkyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is         unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF₃ or at least         monosubstituted by halogen, where, in addition, one or more CH₂         groups in these radicals may be replaced by —O—, —S—,

—C≡C—, —CF₂—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,

-   -   L¹⁻⁴ each, independently of one another, denote F or Cl,     -   Z² denotes a single bond, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—,         —CH₂O—, —OCH₂—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C₂F₄—, —CF═CF—,     -   p denotes 1 or 2, and     -   v denotes 1 to 6.     -   Preferred compounds of the formulae IIA and IIB are shown below.

-   -   R² in the compounds of the formulae IIA and IIB preferably in         each case denotes straight-chain alkyl having up to 6 C atoms,         in particular CH₃, C₂H₅, n-C₃H₇, n-C₄H₉, n-C₅H₁₁. L¹⁻⁴         preferably each denote F.

-   f) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or     more compounds of the formula III

-   -   in which     -   R³¹ and R³² each, independently of one another, denote a         straight-chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxy radical having up to         12 C atoms, and

-   -   Z³ denotes a single bond, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—,         —CH₂O—, —OCH₂—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C₂F₄—, —CF═CF—.

-   g) Liquid-crystalline medium in which the proportion of compounds of     the formulae IIA and/or IIB in the mixture as a whole is at least     20% by weight.

-   h) Liquid-crystalline medium in which the proportion of the     compounds of the formula III in the mixture as a whole is at least     5% by weight.

-   i) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or     more compounds selected from the formulae IIIa to IIIh:

-   -   in which     -   alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a         straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms.     -   The medium according to the invention preferably comprises at         least one compound of the formula IIIa, formula IIIb and/or         formula IIId.

-   j) Liquid-crystalline medium which comprises or consists of     -   5-80% by weight of one or more compounds of the formula IA in         combination with at least one or more compounds selected from         the group of the compounds of the formulae IB, IC and ID,     -   5-80% by weight of one or more compounds of the formulae IIA         and/or IIB,     -   where the total amount of the compounds of the formulae IA, IB,         IC, ID and IIA and/or IIB is ≦100% by weight.

-   k) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or     more tetracyclic compounds of the formulae

-   -   in which     -   R⁷ and R⁸ each, independently of one another, have one of the         meanings indicated for R² in Claim 2, and     -   w and x each, independently of one another, denote 1 to 6.

-   l) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or     more compounds of the formulae Y-1 to Y-8

-   -   in which R¹³-R²⁰ each, independently of one another, denote an         alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-6 C atoms; z and m each,         independently of one another, denote 1-6.     -   The medium according to the invention particularly preferably         comprises one or more compounds of the formulae Y-1 to Y-8 in         amounts of ≧5% by weight.

-   m) Liquid-crystalline medium which additionally comprises one or     more compounds of the formula

-   -   preferably in amounts of >3% by weight, in particular ≧5% by         weight, and very particularly preferably 5-25% by weight,     -   where     -   R²¹ denotes alkyl or alkoxy having 1-7 C atoms and     -   m denotes 1-6.

-   n) Liquid-crystalline medium additionally comprising one or more     fluorinated terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-22

-   -   in which     -   R denotes a straight-chain alkyl or alkoxy radical having 1-7 C         atoms and     -   m denotes 1-6.     -   R preferably denotes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl,         hexyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy.     -   The medium according to the invention preferably comprises the         terphenyls of the formulae T-1 to T-22 in amounts of 2-30% by         weight, in particular 5-20% by weight.     -   Particular preference is given to compounds of the formulae T-1,         T-2, T-3 and T-22. In these compounds, R preferably denotes         alkyl, furthermore alkoxy, each having 1-5 C atoms.     -   The terphenyls are preferably employed in the mixtures according         to the invention if the Δn value of the mixture is intended to         be ≧0.1. Preferred mixtures comprise 2-20% by weight of one or         more terphenyl compounds selected from the group of the         compounds T-1 to T-22.

-   o) Liquid-crystalline medium additionally comprising one or more     biphenyls of the formulae B-1 to B-3,

-   -   in which     -   alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a         straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and     -   alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote         a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms.     -   The proportion of the biphenyls of the formulae B-1 to B-3 in         the mixture as a whole is preferably at least 3% by weight, in         particular ≧5% by weight.     -   Of the compounds of the formulae B-1 to B-3, particular         preference is given to the compounds of the formula B-2.     -   Particularly preferred biphenyls are

-   -   in which alkyl* denotes an alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms. The         medium according to the invention particularly preferably         comprises one or more compounds of the formulae B-1a and/or         B-2c.

-   p) Liquid-crystalline medium comprising at least one compound of the     formulae Z-1 to Z-16

-   -   in which R and alkyl have the meanings indicated above.

-   q) Liquid-crystalline medium comprising at least one compound of the     formulae O-1 to O-13

-   -   in which R¹ and R² have the meanings indicated for R^(2A), R¹         and R² each, independently of one another, preferably denote         straight-chain alkyl, furthermore alkenyl.     -   Preferred media comprise one or more compounds of the formulae         O-1, O-3, O-4, O-9 and/or O-13.

-   r) Preferred liquid-crystalline media according to the invention     comprise one or more substances which contain a tetrahydronaphthyl     or naphthyl unit, such as, for example, the compounds of the     formulae N-1 to N-5

-   -   in which R^(1N) and R^(2N) each, independently of one another,         have the meanings indicated for R^(2A), preferably denote         straight-chain alkyl, straight-chain alkoxy or straight-chain         alkenyl, and     -   Z, Z¹ and Z² each, independently of one another, denote —C₂H₄—,         —CH═CH—, —(CH₂)₄—, —(CH₂)₃O—, —O(CH₂)₃—, —CH═CHCH₂CH₂—,         —CH₂CH₂CH═CH—, —CH₂O—, —OCH₂—, —COO—, —OCO—, —CF═CF—, —CF═CH—,         —CH═CF—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —CH₂— or a single bond.

-   s) Preferred mixtures comprise one or more difluorodibenzochroman     compounds of the formula BC and/or chromans of the formula CR

-   -   in which     -   R^(B1), R^(B2), R^(CR1) and R^(CR2) each, independently of one         another, have the meaning of R^(2A). The mixtures according to         the invention preferably comprise the compounds of the formulae         BC and/or CR in amounts of 3 to 20% by weight, in particular in         amounts of 3 to 15% by weight.     -   Particularly preferred compounds of the formulae BC and CR are         the compounds BC-1 to BC-7 and CR-1 to CR-5

-   -   in which     -   alkyl and alkyl* each, independently of one another, denote a         straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, and     -   alkenyl and alkenyl* each, independently of one another, denote         a straight-chain alkenyl radical having 2-6 C atoms.     -   Very particularly preferred mixtures comprise one, two or three         compounds of the formula BC-2.

The invention furthermore relates to an electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB or FFS effect, characterised in that it contains, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to one or more of Claims 1 to 10.

The liquid-crystalline medium according to the invention preferably has a nematic phase from ≦−20° C. to ≧70° C., particularly preferably from ≦−30° C. to ≧80° C., very particularly preferably from ≦−40° C. to ≧90° C.

The term “have a nematic phase” here means on the one hand that no smectic phase and no crystallisation are observed at low temperatures at the corresponding temperature and on the other hand that clearing does not occur on heating from the nematic phase. The investigation at low temperatures is carried out in a flow viscometer at the corresponding temperature and is checked by storage in test cells having a layer thickness corresponding to the electro-optical application for at least 100 hours.

If the storage stability at a temperature of −20° C. in a corresponding test cell is 1000 h or more, the medium is regarded as stable at this temperature. At temperatures of −30° C. and −40° C., the corresponding times are 500 h and 250 h respectively. At high temperatures, the clearing point is measured by conventional methods in capillaries.

The liquid-crystal mixture preferably has a nematic phase range of at least 60 K and a flow viscosity ν₂₀ of at most 30 mm²·s⁻¹ at 20° C.

The values of the birefringence Δn in the liquid-crystal mixture are generally between 0.07 and 0.16, preferably between 0.08 and 0.12.

The liquid-crystal mixture according to the invention has a Δ∈ of −0.5 to −8.0, in particular −3.0 to −6.0, where Δ∈ denotes the dielectric anisotropy. The rotational viscosity γ₁ at 20° C. is preferably ≦150 mPa·s, in particular ≦120 mPa·s.

The liquid-crystal media according to the invention have relatively low values for the threshold voltage (V₀). They are preferably in the range from 1.7 V to 2.5 V, particularly preferably ≦2.4 V and very particularly preferably ≦2.2 V.

For the present invention, the term “threshold voltage” relates to the capacitive threshold (V₀), also known as the Freedericksz threshold, unless explicitly indicated otherwise.

In addition, the liquid-crystal media according to the invention have high values for the voltage holding ratio in liquid-crystal cells.

In general, liquid-crystal media having a low addressing voltage or threshold voltage exhibit a lower voltage holding ratio than those having a greater addressing voltage or threshold voltage and vice versa.

For the present invention, the term “dielectrically positive compounds” denotes compounds having a Δ∈>1.5, the term “dielectrically neutral compounds” denotes those having −1.5≦Δ∈≦1.5 and the term “dielectrically negative compounds” denotes those having Δ∈<−1.5. The dielectric anisotropy of the compounds is determined here by dissolving 10% of the compounds in a liquid-crystalline host and determining the capacitance of the resultant mixture in at least one test cell in each case having a layer thickness of 20 μm with homeotropic and with homogeneous surface alignment at 1 kHz. The measurement voltage is typically 0.5 V to 1.0 V, but is always lower than the capacitive threshold of the respective liquid-crystal mixture investigated.

The host mixture used for dielectrically positive and dielectrically neutral compounds is ZLI-4792 and the host mixture used for dielectrically negative compounds is ZLI-2857, both from Merck KGaA, Germany. The values for the respective compounds to be investigated are obtained from the change in the dielectric constants of the host mixture after addition of the compound to be investigated and extrapolation to 100% of the compound employed. 10% of the compound to be investigated are dissolved in the host mixture. If the solubility of the substance is too low for this, the concentration is halved in steps until the investigation can be carried out at the desired temperature.

All temperature values indicated for the present invention are in ° C.

The voltage holding ratio is determined in test cells produced at Merck KGaA. The measurement cells have soda-lime glass substrates and are produced with polyimide alignment layers (AL-3046 from Japan Synthetic Rubber, Japan). The layer thickness is uniformly 6.0 μm. The area of the transparent ITO electrodes is 1 cm².

The mixtures according to the invention are suitable for all VA-TFT applications, such as, for example, VAN, MVA, (S)-PVA and ASV. They are furthermore suitable for IPS (in-plane switching), FFS (fringe field switching) and PALC applications of negative Δ∈.

The nematic liquid-crystal mixtures in the displays according to the invention generally comprise two components A and B, which themselves consist of one or more individual compounds.

Component A has significantly negative dielectric anisotropy and gives the nematic phase a dielectric anisotropy of ≦−0.5. Besides one or more compounds of the formula IA, it preferably comprises one or more compounds of the formulae IC, ID, IIA, IIB.

The proportion of component A is preferably between 45 and 100%, in particular between 60 and 100%.

For component A, one (or more) individual compound(s) which has (have) a value of Δ∈ of ≦−0.8 is (are) preferably selected. This value must be more negative, the smaller the proportion A in the mixture as a whole.

Component B has pronounced nematogeneity and a flow viscosity of not greater than 30 mm²·s⁻¹, preferably not greater than 25 mm²·s⁻¹, at 20° C.

Particularly preferred individual compounds in component B are extremely low-viscosity nematic liquid crystals having a flow viscosity of not greater than 18 mm²·s⁻¹, preferably not greater than 12 mm²·s⁻¹, at 20° C.

Component B is monotropically or enantiotropically nematic, has no smectic phases and is able to prevent the occurrence of smectic phases down to very low temperatures in liquid-crystal mixtures. For example, if various materials of high nematogeneity are added to a smectic liquid-crystal mixture, the nematogeneity of these materials can be compared through the degree of suppression of smectic phases that is achieved.

A multiplicity of suitable materials is known to the person skilled in the art from the literature. Particular preference is given to compounds of the formula III.

In addition, these liquid-crystal phases may also comprise more than 18 components, preferably 18 to 25 components.

The phases preferably comprise 4 to 15, in particular 5 to 12, and particularly preferably <10, compounds of the formulae IA, IB, IC, ID, IIA and/or IIB and optionally III.

Besides compounds of the formulae IA, IB, IC, ID, IIA and/or IIB and III, other constituents may also be present, for example in an amount of up to 45% of the mixture as a whole, but preferably up to 35%, in particular up to 10%.

The other constituents are preferably selected from nematic or nematogenic substances, in particular known substances, from the classes of the azoxybenzenes, benzylideneanilines, biphenyls, terphenyls, phenyl or cyclohexyl benzoates, phenyl or cyclohexyl cyclohexanecarboxylates, phenylcyclohexanes, cyclohexylbiphenyls, cyclohexylcyclohexanes, cyclohexylnaphthalenes, 1,4-biscyclohexylbiphenyls or cyclohexylpyrimidines, phenyl- or cyclohexyldioxanes, optionally halogenated stilbenes, benzyl phenyl ethers, tolans and substituted cinnamic acid esters.

The most important compounds which are suitable as constituents of liquid-crystal phases of this type can be characterised by the formula IV

R⁹-L-G-E-R¹⁰  IV

in which L and E each denote a carbo- or heterocyclic ring system from the group formed by 1,4-disubstituted benzene and cyclohexane rings, 4,4′-disubstituted biphenyl, phenylcyclohexane and cyclohexylcyclohexane systems, 2,5-disubstituted pyrimidine and 1,3-dioxane rings, 2,6-disubstituted naphthalene, di- and tetrahydronaphthalene, quinazoline and tetrahydroquinazoline, G denotes —CH═CH— —N(O)═N—

-   -   —CH═CQ— —CH═N(O)—     -   —C≡C— —CH₂—CH₂—     -   —CO—O— —CH₂—O—     -   —CO—S— —CH₂—S—     -   —CH═N— —COO-Phe-COO—     -   —CF₂O— —CF═CF—     -   —OCF₂— —OCH₂—     -   —(CH₂)₄— —(CH₂)₃O—         or a C—C single bond, Q denotes halogen, preferably chlorine, or         —CN, and R⁹ and R¹⁰ each denote alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy,         alkoxyalkyl or alkoxycarbonyloxy having up to 18, preferably up         to 8, carbon atoms, or one of these radicals alternatively         denotes CN, NC, NO₂, NCS, CF₃, SF₅, OCF₃, F, Cl or Br.

In most of these compounds, R⁹ and R¹⁹ are different from one another, one of these radicals usually being an alkyl or alkoxy group. Other variants of the proposed substituents are also common. Many such substances or also mixtures thereof are commercially available. All these substances can be prepared by methods known from the literature.

It goes without saying for the person skilled in the art that the VA, IPS, FFS or PALC mixture according to the invention may also comprise compounds in which, for example, H, N, O, Cl and F have been replaced by the corresponding isotopes.

Polymerisable compounds, so-called reactive mesogens (RMs), for example as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,861,107, may furthermore be added to the mixtures according to the invention in concentrations of preferably 0.12-5% by weight, particularly preferably 0.2-2%, based on the mixture. Mixtures of this type can be used for so-called polymer-stabilised VA modes, in which polymerisation of the reactive mesogens is intended to take place in the liquid-crystalline mixture. The prerequisite for this is that the liquid-crystal mixture does not itself comprise any polymerisable components, such as, for example, compounds containing alkenyl side chains.

The construction of the liquid-crystal displays according to the invention corresponds to the usual geometry, as described, for example, in EP-A 0 240 379.

The following examples are intended to explain the invention without limiting it. Above and below, percentages denote percent by weight; all temperatures are indicated in degrees Celsius.

Besides the compounds of the formula IA and one or more compounds from the group of the compounds of the formulae IB, IC and ID, the mixtures according to the invention preferably comprise one or more of the compounds shown below.

The following abbreviations are used:

(m, m, z: each, independently of one another, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)

The liquid-crystal mixtures which can be used in accordance with the invention are prepared in a manner which is conventional per se. In general, the desired amount of the components used in lesser amount is dissolved in the components making up the principal constituent, advantageously at elevated temperature. It is also possible to mix solutions of the components in an organic solvent, for example in acetone, chloroform or methanol, and to remove the solvent again, for example by distillation, after thorough mixing.

By means of suitable additives, the liquid-crystal phases according to the invention can be modified in such a way that they can be employed in any type of, for example, ECB, VAN, IPS, GH or ASM-VA LCD display that has been disclosed to date.

The dielectrics may also comprise further additives known to the person skilled in the art and described in the literature, such as, for example, UV absorbers, antioxidants, nanoparticles and free-radical scavengers. For example, 0-15% of pleochroic dyes, stabilisers or chiral dopants may be added.

For example, 0-15% of pleochroic dyes may be added, furthermore conductive salts, preferably ethyldimethyldodecylammonium 4-hexoxybenzoate, tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylboranate or complex salts of crown ethers (cf., for example, Haller et al., Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Volume 24, pages 249-258 (1973)), may be added in order to improve the conductivity or substances may be added in order to modify the dielectric anisotropy, the viscosity and/or the alignment of the nematic phases. Substances of this type are described, for example, in DE-A 22 09 127, 22 40 864, 23 21 632, 23 38 281, 24 50 088, 26 37 430 and 28 53 728.

Table A shows possible dopants which can be added to the mixtures according to the invention. If the mixtures comprise a dopant, it is employed in amounts of 0.01-4% by weight, preferably 0.1-1.0% by weight.

TABLE A

Stabilisers which can be added, for example, to the mixtures according to the invention in amounts of up to 10% by weight, based on the total amount of the mixture, preferably 0.01 to 6% by weight, in particular 0.1 to 3% by weight, are shown below in Table B.

TABLE B

(n = 1-12)

The following examples are intended to explain the invention without limiting it. Above and below,

-   V_(o) denotes the threshold voltage, capacitive [V] at 20° C. -   Δn denotes the optical anisotropy measured at 20° C. and 589 nm -   Δ∈ denotes the dielectric anisotropy at 20° C. and 1 kHz -   cl.p. denotes the clearing point [° C.] -   K₁ denotes the elastic constant, “splay” deformation at 20° C. [pN] -   K₃ denotes the elastic constant, “bend” deformation at 20° C. [pN] -   γ₁ denotes the rotational viscosity measured at 20° C. [mPa·s],     determined by the rotation method a magnetic field -   LTS denotes the low-temperature stability (nematic phase),     determined in test cells -   HR (20) denotes the voltage holding ratio at 20° C. [%] -   HR (100) denotes the voltage holding ratio after 5 min. at 100° C.     [%] -   HR (UV) denotes the voltage holding ratio after UV exposure [%]

The display used for measurement of the threshold voltage has two plane-parallel outer plates at a separation of 20 μm and electrode layers with over-lying alignment layers of SE-1211 (Nissan Chemicals) on the insides of the outer plates, which effect a homeotropic alignment of the liquid crystals.

All concentrations in this application are based on the corresponding mixture or mixture component, unless explicitly indicated otherwise. All physical properties are determined as described in “Merck Liquid Crystals, Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals”, status November 1997, Merck KGaA, Germany, and apply for a temperature of 20° C., unless explicitly indicated otherwise.

MIXTURE EXAMPLES Example 1

CY-1V-O2 16.00% Clearing point [° C.]: 70 CY-V-O4 14.00% Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 0.0819 CCY-V-O2 10.00% ε_(∥): 3.6 CCY-V-O4 10.00% ε_(⊥): 7.2 CCY-V-1 9.00% Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: −3.6 CCY-V2-1 8.00% K₁ [pN, 20° C.]: 11.8 CCH-34 9.00% K₃ [pN, 20° C.]: 14.3 CCH-35 9.00% V₀ [V, 20° C.]: 2.11 CC-5-V 9.00% γ₁ [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 103 CC-3-V1 6.00%

Example 2

CY-1V-O2 18.00% Clearing point [° C.]: 82.5 CCY-V-O2 11.00% Δn [589 nm, 20° C.]: 0.1100 CCY-1V-O4 11.00% ε_(∥): 3.4 CPY-V-04 6.00% ε_(⊥): 6.4 PYP-2-2V 15.00% Δε [1 kHz, 20° C.]: −3.0 CC-3-V1 11.00% K₁ [pN, 20° C.]: 13.2 CC-4-V 20.00% K₃ [pN, 20° C.]: 15.9 CC-5-V 8.00% V₀ [V, 20° C.]: 2.45 γ₁ [mPa · s, 20° C.]: 105

The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples.

The entire disclosures of all applications, patents and publications, cited herein and of corresponding German application No. 102007007609.8, filed Feb. 13, 2007 are incorporated by reference herein.

From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. 

1-11. (canceled)
 12. A liquid-crystalline medium, comprising at least one compound of formula IA, which one or more compounds are not of formula IA-31, IA-32, IA-33, IA-34, IA-35, IA-36, IA-37, IA-38, IA-39, IA-40, IA-41 and/or IA-42

and at least one compound of formulae IB, IC and/or ID

in which R^(1A) and R^(1B) each, independently of one another, denote an alkenyl radical having up to 6 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF₃ or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which optionally, one or more CH₂ groups are, each independently of one another, replaced by —O—, —S—,

—C≡C—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, R^(2A), R^(2B), R^(1C), R^(1D) and R^(2D) each, independently of one another, denote an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 6 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF₃ or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which optionally, one or more CH₂ groups are, each independently of one another, replaced by —O—, —S—,

—C≡C—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,

each, independently of one another, denote

Y¹, Y², Y⁴ and Y⁵ each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, OCF₃, OCH₂F, OCHF₂ or CN, Y³ denotes H or CH₃, R^(2C) denotes H or F, R^(3C) denotes H, CH₃, C₂H₅ or n-C₃H₇, alkyl denotes a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms, a and b each, independently of one another, denote 0, 1 or 2, where a+b is ≧1, c denotes 1 or 2, and d denotes 0 or
 1. 13. A liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 12, further comprising one or more compounds of formulae IIA and/or IIB

in which R² denotes an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 15 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF₃ or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which optionally, one or more CH₂ groups are each, independently of one another, replaced by —O—, —S—,

—C≡C—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO— or —O—CO—O— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, L¹, L², L³ and L⁴ each, independently of one another, denote F or Cl, Z² denotes a single bond, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCH₂—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C₂F₄—, or —CF═CF—, p denotes 1 or 2, and v denotes 1 to
 6. 14. A liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 12, further comprising one or more compounds of formula III

in which R³¹ and R³² each, independently of one another, denote a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxyalkyl or alkoxy radical having up to 12 C atoms,

and Z³ denotes a single bond, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCH₂—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C₂F₄—, or —CF═CF—.
 15. A liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 12, comprising at least one compound of formulae IA-1 to IA-30 and/or IA-43 to IA-54

in which Y¹ and Y² each, independently of one another, denote F, Cl, CF₃, CHF₂, CH₂F, OCF₃, OCH₂F, OCHF₂ or CN, and alkyl denotes a straight-chain alkyl radical having 1-6 C atoms.
 16. A liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 12, comprising at least one compound of formulae IB-1 to IB-16


17. A liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 12, comprising at least one compound of formulae IC-1 to IC-16

in which R^(1C) denotes an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 6 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF₃ or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which optionally, one or more CH₂ groups are, each independently of one another, replaced by —O—, —S—,

—C≡C—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another.
 18. A liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 12, comprising at least one compound of formulae ID-1 to ID-6

in which R^(1D) and R^(2D) each, independently of one another, denote an alkyl or alkenyl radical having up to 6 C atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF₃ or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which optionally, one or more CH₂ groups are, each independently of one another, replaced by —O—, —S—,

—C≡C—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another.
 19. A liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 12, further comprising one or more compounds of formulae IIA and/or IIB

in which R² denotes H, an alkyl radical having up to 15 C atoms, which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF₃ or at least monosubstituted by halogen, in which optionally, one or more CH₂ groups are, each independently, replaced by —O—, —S—,

—C≡C—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —OC—O— or —O—CO— in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another, L¹, L², L³ and L⁴ each, independently of one another, denote F or Cl, Z² denotes a single bond, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH═CH—, —CF₂O—, —OCF₂—, —CH₂O—, —OCH₂—, —COO—, —OCO—, —C₂F₄—, or —CF═CF—, p denotes 1 or 2, and v denotes 1 to
 6. 20. A liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 12, wherein the proportion of the compounds of formula IA in the medium as a whole is ≧5% by weight.
 21. A process for preparing a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim 12, comprising mixing together at least one or more compounds of formula IA with at least one or more compounds of formulae IB, IC and/or ID and optionally with further liquid-crystalline compounds and/or additives.
 22. An electro-optical display having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB, PALC, FFS or the IPS effect, which contains, as dielectric, a liquid-crystalline medium according to claim
 12. 